Passage 1 Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:
In a sense, the new protectionism is not protectionism at all, at least not in the traditional sense of the term. The old protectionism referred only to trade restricting and trade expanding devices, such as the tariff or export subsidy. The new protectionism is much broader than this: it includes interventions into foreign trade but is not limited to them. The new protectionism, in fact, refers to how the whole of government intervention into the private economy affects international trade. The emphasis on trade is still there, thus came the term “protection.” But what is new is the realization that virtually all government activities can affect international economic relations.
The emergence of the new protectionism in the Western world reflects the victory of the interventionist, or welfare economy over the market economy. Jab Tumiler writes, “The old protectionism…coexisted, without any apparent intellectual difficulty with the acceptance of the market as a national as well as an international economic distribution mechanism — indeed, protectionists as well as (if not more than) free traders stood for laissez faire(放任政策). Now, as in the 1930s, protectionism is an expression of a profound skepticism as to the ability of the market to distribute resources and incomes to societies satisfaction.”
It is precisely this profound skepticism of the market economy that is responsible for the protectionism. In a market economy, economic change of various colors implies redistribution of resources and incomes. The same opinion in many communities apparently is that such redistributions often are not proper. Therefore, the government intervenes to bring about a .
The victory of the welfare state is almost complete in northern Europe. In Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, and the Netherlands, government intervention in almost all aspects of economic and social life is considered normal. In Great Britain this is only somewhat less true. Government traditionally has played a very active role in economic life in France and continued to do so. Only West to go against the tide towards excessive interventionism in Western Europe. It also happens to be the most successful Western European economy.
The welfare state has made significant progress in the United States as well as in Western Europe. Social security, unemployment insurance, minimum wage laws, and rent control are by now traditional welfare state elements on the American scene.
11.This passage is primarily concerned with discussing ____. A) the definition of the new protectionism B) the difference between new and old protectionism C) the emergence of the new protectionism in the Western world D) the significance of the welfare state
12.What does the phrase “stood for(Para.2)” mean? A) represented. B) held out. C) tolerated. D) disapproved.
13.Which of the following statements is NOT a characteristic of a welfare state mentioned in this passage? A) Free education is available to a child. B) Laws are made to fix the minimum wage. C) A jobless person can be insured. D) There are regulations for rent.
14.Which of the following inferences is true, according to this passage? A) The economy developed faster in welfare states than in non-welfare states. B) In the 1930s, protectionism began to rise. C) The new protectionism is so called mainly because it is the latest. D) Government plays a more active role in economic life in Northern Europe than in Great Britain.
15.The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions? A) When did the new protectionism arise? B) Why is the new protectionism so popular in northern European countries? C) Does the American government play a more active role in economic life than the British government? D) Why does the government intervene in economic life?
Passage one 短文大意：在某种意义上，新的贸易保护主义已不再是传统含义了。旧贸易保护主义只包括贸易限制和贸易扩张措施,如关税、输出品补助金等；新贸易保护主义的含义更宽，包括干涉国际贸易，包括政府干涉私人经济等。新保护贸易主义的出现是干涉主义者的胜利,也可以看成福利经济战胜了市场经济。市场经济在分配社会资源和收入的能力上时常不太恰当，而政府干预经济生活能带来更好的结果。福利国家政策已在欧洲和美国取得重大进步。 11. 【参考译文】全文主要讨论的____。【试题分析】主旨题。【详细解答】文章并没有说明新贸易保护主义是如何在西欧兴起的，可先排除C项；福利国家的出现是新贸易保护主义的胜利，D项内容只是文章一个分支；文章没有花大篇幅研究新旧贸易保护主义之区别，说明这不是文章重点，B项也可排除；全文主要讨论新贸易保护主义的定义，因此A项内容是文章主旨。 12．【参考译文】“stood for” 的意思是____？【试题分析】指代题。【详细解答】此句…protectionists as well as (if not more than) free traders stood for laissez faire指“…保护主义者就像自由贸易主义者那样stood for放任政策”。前文已说明自由贸易主义者是支持由自由市场分配资源的，从as well as 和if not more than可以判断stood for表示“支持”，选项中A项表示“象征”，C项指“容忍”，D项指“不赞成”，因此B项“支持”正确。 13．【参考译文】下列那一个文中没有提及？【试题分析】细节题。【详细解答】文章最后一句Social security, unemployment insurance, minimum wage laws, and rent control are by now traditional welfare state elements on the American scene.中包含B、C和D项的出处，没有提到A项内容。 14．【参考译文】根据本文，下列那一个推断正确？【试题分析】判断题。【详细解答】西德不是福利国家，却是西欧经济最强国，因此A项可排除；文章提到1930年代时已经出现protectionism，但未指出就是这个时期出现的，无法验证其确切的出现时期，B项无法确定；从1930年代就出现的protectionism不能说是最新的，文章也未说明是否是因为最新出现而起的名，C项无根据；从The victory of the welfare state is almost complete in northern Europe. “北欧几乎全是福利国家”及In Great Britain this is only somewhat less true.“在英国，福利国家政策有点不完全”可判断D项正确。 15. 【参考译文】文中针对那一个问题提供了信息？【试题分析】判断题。【详细解答】文章第三段提供了为什么政府干预经济生活的理由Therefore, the government intervenes to bring about a .“政府干预经济生活能带来更好的结果”。因此D项问题文章作了回答，而其余三项文中没有明确说明。
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to go against the tide towards excessive interventionism in Western Europe. It also happens to be the most successful Western European economy.
